Carved from a rock cliff face, the Kailasa Temple is named in honor of the sacred mountain-dwelling place of the god Shiva.
It is considered one of the most remarkable cave temples in the world.
Ellora caves. Cave 16. Kailasanatha Temple. Mandapa roof. Image credit: Y. Shishido – CC BY-SA 3.0
The stunning, rock-cut Kailasa Temple is the best example of the Rashtrakuta Empire style associated with a royal Indian dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the sixth and 10th centuries.
During this time, despite the impressive advancement of stone-built architecture under the Chalukya Empire (636 CE, 740 CE).
Amazingly, the Rashtrakuta Empire (753-982 CE) reverted to rock-hewn architecture and brought this style to its most incredible heights in the form of the mighty Kailasa Temple in Ellora.
Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists sculptured the temples at Ellora, and according to standard textbooks, the earliest ones were carved around 300 BC, but most were in the period of the 4th to the 9th centuries AD.
In his book “Ellora,” M. K. Dhavalikar, an author and retired Professor of Archaeology and Director of the Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute, Pune, India, writes that “all these shrines and the Kailasa were not excavated at the same time, but belong to different periods.” (“Ellora,” M. K. Dhavalikar, 2003, p. 44).
Southwest corner. Kailasanatha Temple, Ellora Looking from southwest to northeast, the Nandi pavilion is photo left, with the south column to the right. Behind them the main bulk of the temple recedes east to the rear of the cliff. The dome-shaped finial of the temple tower can be seen in the background, a bit to the right of the column, just peeping above the temple roof. Image credit: G41rn8 – CC BY-SA 4.0
“There is a perforated window in the west wall [of cave 15, a Hindu cave] over which is engraved a Sanskrit inscription in the Brahmi script of the eighth century. It is, however, incomplete, and much of it has been damaged due to weathering.
It gives the genealogy of the Rashtrakuta dynasty from the founder Dantivarman (c. 600-30) and records the visit of Dantidurga (752-7) to the cave. It can be placed in the middle of the eighth century. “Ellora,” pp. 36-7.
It proves that the caves existed in the 8th century and were engraved at that time with this inscription.
Again, “There were inscriptions on pillars [in cave 33, a Jain cave] which are now mostly worn; a few letters that have survived suggest that the cave may have been built at around the ninth century” (ibid., p. 96).
The formidable monolithic Kailasa temple lacks a dedicatory inscription, but there is no doubt that a Rashtrakuta ruler commissioned it. Hence, its construction is most commonly attributed to the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I, who ruled 756-773 CE. The Kailasa is one of the 34 monasteries and temples, extending over 2 km and dug side by side in the wall of a high basalt cliff in the complex at Ellora Caves, near Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India.
The temple is the largest of the rock-cut Hindu temples built on a single rock, and it is 164 feet deep, 109 feet wide, and 98 feet high. Isn’t it the world’s most extensive monolithic structure, carved out of a single rock?
The replica of the home of Shiva stands in an open country yard as three separate structures. The main temple rests on a base 25 feet high which appears to be supported by friezes of elephants. This temple measures 150 by 100 feet under a gabled front and a tower in three tiers beneath a dome. An overhead bridge links the three buildings of Kailasa and its outer gateway.
The Brahmanical group of caves (caves 13–29), including the renowned Kailasa temple (cave 16), was excavated between the 7th and 10th centuries. The last phase, between the 9th and 12th centuries, saw the excavation of a group of caves (caves 30–34) reflecting Jaina philosophy. Image credit: Aums90 – CC BY-SA 4.0
A most impressive feature of Ellora caves is the hand-made rock-cut sculptures created using only a chisel and hammer. Indian artisans and master builders did a tremendous job providing evidence of their efficiency and technological skills.
Buddhist caves, Hindu caves, and Jaina caves coexist and share the place from the south to the north.
The temple represents an interpretation of the cosmic mountain – in this case, the celestial palace of the great god Shiva, who was believed to dwell on Mount Kailasa in the Himalayas.
Completed in 785 AD, the Kailasa Temple is a celestial abode with pillars, corridors, towers, and statuary beautifully decorated with ornamentation.
The temple is not a building – it is a sculpture created on a scale never achieved anywhere else on our planet. Indian craftsmen and master builders did a tremendous job providing evidence of structural efficiency and technological skills.
Percy Brown, a leading authority on Indian Art and Architecture, said: “The Kailasa is an illustration of one of those rare moments when men’s minds, hearts, and hands work in unison towards the consummation of a supreme ideal.
